Section 1: Data Distribution Service

 This series consists of three parts. It is focused on Data Distribution Service (DDS). DDS drives systems like railways, autonomous cars and spacecraft. It handles military tanks, luggage handling, and luggage handling. We will also examine the status of DDS, and make recommendations for enterprises to reduce the risk.

Let's begin by talking about DDS and how it is used in different industries.

Overview

DDS is a standard middleware software program that uses the publish-subscribe paradigm. This software allows you to create middleware layers that allow machine-to-machine communication. This software is essential for embedded systems and applications that have real-time requirements. The Object Management Group (7 OMG7)7 maintains DDS. It is used in critical applications to ensure a reliable link between controllers and actuators.

DDS is the first link in the software supply chain. This makes hacker targets easy and attractive. These companies and agencies are just a few of the ones that use DDS. This is not a complete list.

• Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Siemens invests in wind power plants
• Bosch and Volkswagen collaborate to create autonomous valet parking systems
• Air-traffic control can be done with both Nav Canada and European CoFlight

DDS is a communication mediumware that allows programs to interoperate across programming languages. DDS is a data-centric publishing protocol and subscription protocol that allows developers create flexible shared data spaces that allow applications to exchange typed information.

DDS is an excellent application programming interface (API) from a programmer's point of view. DDS allows serialization and deserialization for any custom-built-in data types via an interface language, (IDL), in addition to plain bytes, C-strings and C-strings.

DDS Applications

DDS is the foundation for other industry standards like OpenFMB (smart Grid Applications) and Adaptive AutoSAR (smart Grid Applications). DDS is the default middleware of Robot Operating System 2 ("ROS 2"), which is the standard OS for automating robotics.

DDS can also be used in conjunction with Real-Time Publish -Subscribe, (RTPS) to create mission-critical high-quality middleware layers. DDS can be used to transport artificial intelligence (AI), from the electronic control unit to their driving motors.

Here are some DDS-related examples. External resources give estimates of the number or expected future devices in each sector.

Sector	Examples Of Use Cases	Notable users
Telecommunications networks and networks	* SDN (Software-defined Networking) technologies *Appliance Life Cycle *Management tools (LCM), which includes 5G	* Fujitsu
Defense	* Command-and-control (C&C), systems * Navigation systems and systems * Start systems	*National Aeronautics and Space Administration, (NASA). * NATO Generic Vehicle Architecture, (NGVA)15 * Spanish Army
Virtualization and Cloud	* Inter and intra-communications among security operation centers (SOC).	* VVIDIA
Energy	* Power generation distribution * Research	* GE Healthcare * Plug-and-Play program to interoperate with medical devices (MDPnP).
Mining	* Precision mining * Mining system automation * Geological modeling	* Komatsu * Diagramlogic * Atlas Copco
Industrial internet-of-things (IIoT), and robotics	* Universal middleware	* Robot Operating System (ROS 2) * Robo by AWS * IRobot
Public and Private Transportation	*Autonomous Vehicles * Air Traffic Control Railway management *Control	*Volkswagen, and Bosch16 * Coflight Consortium Selex–SI Thales * Nav Canada

Examining DDS Attack Feasibility

Our security experts reviewed DDS standards, and found multiple security flaws. In November 2021, 13 CVE IDs were added for six of the most widely used DDS implementations. Standard specifications also contained a vulnerability.

We scanned over 100 companies in many industries. We also scan software and research companies from other countries. Some of these CVEs were identified and affected. Other CVEs were also identified by using almost 90 90 ISP numbers, and other details.

To get feedback from our findings, we interviewed DDS users and system integrations experts as well as researchers in their respective research areas. The specifications of DDS were reviewed, along with six of the most popular implementations around the world that have thousands of deployments.

DDS is the most powerful threat in the software supply chain. Between 2020-2021 66% of attacks were on suppliers' codes. During our research, we discovered a source-code repository host in an proprietary DDS implementation. This would have given an attacker access to the source codes (MITRE ATT&CK, T0873).

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